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[\/et_pb_fullwidth_image][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section admin_label=“section“][et_pb_row admin_label=“Zeile“][et_pb_column type=“4_4″][et_pb_post_title admin_label=“Posttitel“ title=“on“ meta=“on“ author=“on“ date=“on“ categories=“on“ comments=“on“ featured_image=“off“ featured_placement=“below“ parallax_effect=“on“ parallax_method=“on“ text_orientation=“left“ text_color=“dark“ text_background=“off“ text_bg_color=“rgba(255,255,255,0.9)“ module_bg_color=“rgba(255,255,255,0)“ title_all_caps=“off“ use_border_color=“off“ border_color=“#ffffff“ border_style=“solid“]<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_post_title][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=“row“ make_fullwidth=“off“ use_custom_width=“off“ width_unit=“on“ use_custom_gutter=“off“ padding_mobile=“off“ allow_player_pause=“off“ parallax=“off“ parallax_method=“off“ make_equal=“off“ parallax_1=“off“ parallax_method_1=“off“ column_padding_mobile=“on“][et_pb_column type=“4_4″][et_pb_text admin_label=“Header“ background_layout=“light“ text_orientation=“left“ use_border_color=“off“ border_color=“#ffffff“ border_style=“solid“ text_font_size=“18″ header_font_size=“22px“ header_line_height=“1.7em“]<\/p>\n
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Global warming has particularly strong effects in the arctic; arctic temperatures are rising particularly fast. What are the consequences of these changes? How is the arctic reacting to increasing temperatures? <\/strong><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image admin_label=“Bild: Arctic greening“ src=“https:\/\/www.scivit.de\/lang\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/ArcticGreeningdb.png“ alt=“Arctic greening“ title_text=“Arctic greening“ show_in_lightbox=“off“ url_new_window=“off“ use_overlay=“off“ animation=“left“ sticky=“on“ align=“left“ force_fullwidth=“off“ always_center_on_mobile=“on“ use_border_color=“off“ border_color=“#ffffff“ border_style=“solid“ url=“https:\/\/www.scivit.de\/lang\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/ArcticGreeningdb.png“]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text admin_label=“Text“ background_layout=“light“ text_orientation=“left“ use_border_color=“off“ border_color=“#ffffff“ border_style=“solid“ text_font_size=“18″ header_font_size=“22px“ header_line_height=“1.7em“]<\/p>\n There are two important phenomena connected to each other: Less ice and more plants. Arctic ice and snow cover is melting earlier in spring and returning later in autumn. The same is true for permafrost soils which are thawing to a higher degree for a longer period of the year. Increased temperatures, increased carbon dioxide and reduced ice\/snow favour plant growth. As a consequence, arctic vegetation is thriving. This \u201earctic greening\u201c has been documented by repeated satellite observations. Is it \u201egood\u201c or \u201ebad\u201c? What are the consequences for arctic wildlife? Can shifts in arctic conditions in turn affect global climate?<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text admin_label=“Literature“ background_layout=“light“ text_orientation=“left“ use_border_color=“off“ border_color=“#ffffff“ border_style=“solid“ header_font_size=“22px“ header_line_height=“1.7em“]<\/p>\n Scientific sources:<\/strong> [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider admin_label=“Teiler“ color=“#7cda24″ show_divider=“on“ divider_style=“solid“ divider_position=“top“ hide_on_mobile=“on“]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_divider][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=“row“ make_fullwidth=“off“ use_custom_width=“off“ width_unit=“on“ use_custom_gutter=“off“ padding_mobile=“off“ allow_player_pause=“off“ parallax=“off“ parallax_method=“off“ make_equal=“off“ parallax_1=“off“ parallax_method_1=“off“ column_padding_mobile=“on“][et_pb_column type=“4_4″][et_pb_text admin_label=“Header“ background_layout=“light“ text_orientation=“left“ use_border_color=“off“ border_color=“#ffffff“ border_style=“solid“ text_font_size=“18″ header_font_size=“22px“ header_line_height=“1.7em“]<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/strong><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image admin_label=“Bild: Arctic impact“ src=“https:\/\/www.scivit.de\/lang\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Titele.png“ alt=“Arctic impact“ title_text=“Arctic impact“ show_in_lightbox=“off“ url_new_window=“off“ use_overlay=“off“ animation=“left“ sticky=“on“ align=“left“ force_fullwidth=“off“ always_center_on_mobile=“on“ use_border_color=“off“ border_color=“#ffffff“ border_style=“solid“ url=“https:\/\/www.scivit.de\/lang\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Titele.png“]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text admin_label=“Text“ background_layout=“light“ text_orientation=“left“ use_border_color=“off“ border_color=“#ffffff“ border_style=“solid“ text_font_size=“18″ header_font_size=“22px“ header_line_height=“1.7em“]<\/p>\n Much of the sunlight reaching the arctic is reflected by ice or snow. This reflectance is called albedo. A decrease in albedo, caused by less ice\/snow increases the thermal energy absorbed by earth from sunlight. The arctic carbon balance is a second important issue. Plants are transforming carbon dioxide into plant material. A thriving vegetation therefore refers to an increased removal of this greenhouse gas from the atmosphere. This positive effect is not the whole truth, however. Rising temperatures and melting permafrost will also result in increased amounts of carbon dioxide liberated from soil or submarine carbon reservoirs. The balance of carbon dioxide absorbed by plants and of carbon dioxide liberated from the soil decides whether the arctic reduces or increases atmospheric greenhouse gases.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text admin_label=“Literature“ background_layout=“light“ text_orientation=“left“ use_border_color=“off“ border_color=“#ffffff“ border_style=“solid“ header_font_size=“22px“ header_line_height=“1.7em“]<\/p>\n Scientific sources:<\/strong> [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider admin_label=“Teiler“ color=“#7cda24″ show_divider=“on“ divider_style=“solid“ divider_position=“top“ hide_on_mobile=“on“]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_divider][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=“row“ make_fullwidth=“off“ use_custom_width=“off“ width_unit=“on“ use_custom_gutter=“off“ padding_mobile=“off“ allow_player_pause=“off“ parallax=“off“ parallax_method=“off“ make_equal=“off“ parallax_1=“off“ parallax_method_1=“off“ column_padding_mobile=“on“][et_pb_column type=“4_4″][et_pb_text admin_label=“Header“ background_layout=“light“ text_orientation=“left“ use_border_color=“off“ border_color=“#ffffff“ border_style=“solid“ text_font_size=“18″ header_font_size=“22px“ header_line_height=“1.7em“]<\/p>\n <\/p>\n With vanishing arctic summer ice, this question seems to have a clear answer. However, there is more to albedo than only ice. <\/strong><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image admin_label=“Bild: Arctic albedo“ src=“https:\/\/www.scivit.de\/lang\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/ArcticAlbedob.png“ alt=“Arctic albedo“ title_text=“Arctic albedo“ show_in_lightbox=“off“ url_new_window=“off“ use_overlay=“off“ animation=“left“ sticky=“on“ align=“left“ force_fullwidth=“off“ always_center_on_mobile=“on“ use_border_color=“off“ border_color=“#ffffff“ border_style=“solid“ url=“https:\/\/www.scivit.de\/lang\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/ArcticAlbedob.png“]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text admin_label=“Text“ background_layout=“light“ text_orientation=“left“ use_border_color=“off“ border_color=“#ffffff“ border_style=“solid“ text_font_size=“18″ header_font_size=“22px“ header_line_height=“1.7em“]<\/p>\n A growing arctic vegetation may also increase the arctic albedo when compared to bare soil. Plant albedo is particularly prominent in the arctic summer, when the energy from sunlight is highest. Nevertheless, vegetation effects will not completely offset ice\/snow effects, in particular when taking vanishing sea ice into account. This decrease in arctic albedo resulting from increased arctic temperatures further increases global temperatures, constituting a classical vicious circle (positive feedback loop).<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text admin_label=“Literature“ background_layout=“light“ text_orientation=“left“ use_border_color=“off“ border_color=“#ffffff“ border_style=“solid“ header_font_size=“22px“ header_line_height=“1.7em“]<\/p>\n Scientific sources:<\/strong> [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider admin_label=“Teiler“ color=“#7cda24″ show_divider=“on“ divider_style=“solid“ divider_position=“top“ hide_on_mobile=“on“]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_divider][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=“row“ make_fullwidth=“off“ use_custom_width=“off“ width_unit=“on“ use_custom_gutter=“off“ padding_mobile=“off“ allow_player_pause=“off“ parallax=“off“ parallax_method=“off“ make_equal=“off“ parallax_1=“off“ parallax_method_1=“off“ column_padding_mobile=“on“][et_pb_column type=“4_4″][et_pb_text admin_label=“Header“ background_layout=“light“ text_orientation=“left“ use_border_color=“off“ border_color=“#ffffff“ border_style=“solid“ text_font_size=“18″ header_font_size=“22px“ header_line_height=“1.7em“]<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Given a thriving arctic vegetation, favoured by increased temperatures and reduced snow cover, the arctic currently seems to absorb carbon dioxide. This may change quickly, however, due to the presence of large arctic carbon reservoirs. <\/strong><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image admin_label=“Bild: Arctic carbon balance“ src=“https:\/\/www.scivit.de\/lang\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/ArcticGreeningf.png“ alt=“Arctic carbon balance“ title_text=“Arctic carbon balance“ show_in_lightbox=“off“ url_new_window=“off“ use_overlay=“off“ animation=“left“ sticky=“on“ align=“left“ force_fullwidth=“off“ always_center_on_mobile=“on“ use_border_color=“off“ border_color=“#ffffff“ border_style=“solid“ url=“https:\/\/www.scivit.de\/lang\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/ArcticGreeningf.png“]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text admin_label=“Text“ background_layout=“light“ text_orientation=“left“ use_border_color=“off“ border_color=“#ffffff“ border_style=“solid“ text_font_size=“18″ header_font_size=“22px“ header_line_height=“1.7em“]<\/p>\n Large amounts of carbon are stored in arctic permafrost soils and in undersea methane-clathrates. These carbon stores may become progressively destabilized with increasing temperatures, possibly resulting in the rapid and massive release of greenhouse gases. Apart from carbon dioxide we also may see the release of methane and possibly other particularly potent greenhouse gases. As for albedo such a release would constitute a dangerous positive feedback loop.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text admin_label=“Literature“ background_layout=“light“ text_orientation=“left“ use_border_color=“off“ border_color=“#ffffff“ border_style=“solid“ header_font_size=“22px“ header_line_height=“1.7em“]<\/p>\n Scientific sources:<\/strong> [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider admin_label=“Teiler“ color=“#7cda24″ show_divider=“on“ divider_style=“solid“ divider_position=“top“ hide_on_mobile=“on“]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_divider][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=“row“ make_fullwidth=“off“ use_custom_width=“off“ width_unit=“on“ use_custom_gutter=“off“ padding_mobile=“off“ allow_player_pause=“off“ parallax=“off“ parallax_method=“off“ make_equal=“off“ parallax_1=“off“ parallax_method_1=“off“ column_padding_mobile=“on“][et_pb_column type=“4_4″][et_pb_text admin_label=“Header“ background_layout=“light“ text_orientation=“left“ use_border_color=“off“ border_color=“#ffffff“ border_style=“solid“ text_font_size=“18″ header_font_size=“22px“ header_line_height=“1.7em“]<\/p>\n <\/p>\n The question of the arctic impact on global climate boils down to the question whether there is an increase or decrease in albedo and whether greenhouse gases are rather absorbed or released. <\/strong><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image admin_label=“Bild: Arctic feedback“ src=“https:\/\/www.scivit.de\/lang\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Titelf.png“ alt=“Arctic feedback“ title_text=“Arctic feedback“ show_in_lightbox=“off“ url_new_window=“off“ use_overlay=“off“ animation=“left“ sticky=“on“ align=“left“ force_fullwidth=“off“ always_center_on_mobile=“on“ use_border_color=“off“ border_color=“#ffffff“ border_style=“solid“ url=“https:\/\/www.scivit.de\/lang\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Titelf.png“]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text admin_label=“Text“ background_layout=“light“ text_orientation=“left“ use_border_color=“off“ border_color=“#ffffff“ border_style=“solid“ text_font_size=“18″ header_font_size=“22px“ header_line_height=“1.7em“]<\/p>\n Current research suggests that arctic albedo is clearly decreasing (driving climate change). In terms of greenhouse gases the arctic appears to have an alleviating impact for the time being. With rising temperatures the liberation of greenhouse gases may prevail, however. [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text admin_label=“Literature“ background_layout=“light“ text_orientation=“left“ use_border_color=“off“ border_color=“#ffffff“ border_style=“solid“ header_font_size=“22px“ header_line_height=“1.7em“]<\/p>\n Scientific sources:<\/strong> [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider admin_label=“Teiler“ color=“#7cda24″ show_divider=“on“ divider_style=“solid“ divider_position=“top“ hide_on_mobile=“on“]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_divider][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=“row“ make_fullwidth=“off“ use_custom_width=“off“ width_unit=“on“ use_custom_gutter=“off“ padding_mobile=“off“ allow_player_pause=“off“ parallax=“off“ parallax_method=“off“ make_equal=“off“ parallax_1=“off“ parallax_method_1=“off“ column_padding_mobile=“on“][et_pb_column type=“4_4″][et_pb_text admin_label=“Header“ background_layout=“light“ text_orientation=“left“ use_border_color=“off“ border_color=“#ffffff“ border_style=“solid“ text_font_size=“18″ header_font_size=“22px“ header_line_height=“1.7em“]<\/p>\n <\/p>\n The arctic is not only important because of its potential to fuel or alleviate climate change. Inspite of its hostility to life it harbors unique communities of plants and animals. These organisms have experienced strong shifts in conditions within a few decades. How do they cope? Is the increase in temperatures, the decrease in snow cover positive or negative for wildlife? <\/strong><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image admin_label=“Bild: Arctic wildlife“ src=“https:\/\/www.scivit.de\/lang\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/ArcticWildlifeb.png“ alt=“Arctic wildlife“ title_text=“Arctic wildlife“ show_in_lightbox=“off“ url_new_window=“off“ use_overlay=“off“ animation=“left“ sticky=“on“ align=“left“ force_fullwidth=“off“ always_center_on_mobile=“on“ use_border_color=“off“ border_color=“#ffffff“ border_style=“solid“ url=“https:\/\/www.scivit.de\/lang\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/ArcticWildlifeb.png“]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text admin_label=“Text“ background_layout=“light“ text_orientation=“left“ use_border_color=“off“ border_color=“#ffffff“ border_style=“solid“ text_font_size=“18″ header_font_size=“22px“ header_line_height=“1.7em“]<\/p>\n Every species behaves differently of course, but there seem to be some trends: 1) Animals like polar bears or seals depend on arctic sea ice for hunting, cover or migratory routes. With the disappearance of sea ice during summer, these animals face an uncertain future. 2.) A thriving arctic vegetation favours many terrestrial animals, but the new climate regime may also have negative consequences. Scientists studying wildlife on the arctic archipelago Svalbard, for example, identified an increase in winter rain-on-snow events as detrimental for wildlife. Current shifts, in general, seem to favour migratory organisms from temperate locations and rather disfavour endemic, arctic species.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text admin_label=“Literature“ background_layout=“light“ text_orientation=“left“ use_border_color=“off“ border_color=“#ffffff“ border_style=“solid“ header_font_size=“22px“ header_line_height=“1.7em“]<\/p>\n Scientific sources:<\/strong> [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider admin_label=“Teiler“ color=“#7cda24″ show_divider=“on“ divider_style=“solid“ divider_position=“top“ hide_on_mobile=“on“]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_divider][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=“row“ make_fullwidth=“off“ use_custom_width=“off“ width_unit=“on“ use_custom_gutter=“off“ padding_mobile=“off“ allow_player_pause=“off“ parallax=“off“ parallax_method=“off“ make_equal=“off“ parallax_1=“off“ parallax_method_1=“off“ column_padding_mobile=“on“][et_pb_column type=“4_4″][et_pb_text admin_label=“Impressum“ background_layout=“light“ text_orientation=“left“ use_border_color=“off“ border_color=“#ffffff“ border_style=“solid“ text_font_size=“18″ header_font_size=“22px“ header_line_height=“1.7em“]<\/p>\n This newsletter is produced and published by\/Verfasser und Produzent dieses Newsletters: [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=“row“ make_fullwidth=“off“ use_custom_width=“off“ width_unit=“on“ use_custom_gutter=“off“ padding_mobile=“off“ allow_player_pause=“off“ parallax=“off“ parallax_method=“off“ make_equal=“off“ parallax_1=“off“ parallax_method_1=“off“ column_padding_mobile=“on“][et_pb_column type=“4_4″][et_pb_cta admin_label=“Handlungsaufruf“ title=“Obtain newsletter by e-mail“ url_new_window=“off“ use_background_color=“on“ background_color=“#63b32e“ background_layout=“light“ text_orientation=“left“ header_text_color=“#000000″ body_text_color=“#000000″ use_border_color=“off“ border_color=“#ffffff“ border_style=“solid“ custom_button=“off“ button_letter_spacing=“0″ button_use_icon=“default“ button_icon_placement=“right“ button_on_hover=“on“ button_letter_spacing_hover=“0″]<\/p>\n
\nJia et al., (2009) Vegetation greening in the Canadian Arctic related to decadal warming. J Environ Monit, 11, 2231\u20138, doi: 10.1039\/b911677j
\nNotz and Stroeve, (2017) Observed Arctic sea-ice loss directly follows anthropogenic CO2 emission. Science 354, 747 \u2013 750<\/p>\nHow is the arctic affecting global climate?<\/h3>\n
\nJia et al., (2009) Vegetation greening in the Canadian Arctic related to decadal warming. J Environ Monit, 11, 2231\u20138, doi: 10.1039\/b911677j
\nParmentier et al., (2017) A synthesis of the arctic terrestrial and marine carbon cycles under pressure from a dwindling cryosphere. Ambio 46. (Suppl. 1), S53\u2013S69, DOI 10.1007\/s13280-016-0872-8
\nSchuur et al., (2015) Climate change and the permafrost carbon feedback Nature 520, 171\u2013179, doi:10.1038\/nature14338<\/p>\nIs the arctic albedo increasing or decreasing? <\/h3>\n
\nWilliamson et al., (2016) Phenology and species determine growing-season albedo increase at the altitudinal limit of shrub growth in the sub-Arctic. Global Change Biology 22, 3621 \u2013 3631<\/p>\nWill the arctic absorb or release greenhouse gases?<\/h3>\n
\nJia et al., (2009) Vegetation greening in the Canadian Arctic related to decadal warming. J Environ Monit, 11, 2231\u20138, doi: 10.1039\/b911677j
\nMack et al., (2011) Carbon loss from an unprecedented Arctic tundra wildfire. Nature, 475, 489\u201392, doi: 10.1038\/nature10283
\nParmentier et al., (2017) A synthesis of the arctic terrestrial and marine carbon cycles under pressure from a dwindling cryosphere. Ambio 46. (Suppl. 1), S53\u2013S69, DOI 10.1007\/s13280-016-0872-8
\nSchuur et al., (2015) Climate change and the permafrost carbon feedback Nature 520, 171\u2013179, doi:10.1038\/nature14338
\nSitch et al., (2007) Assessing the carbon balance of circumpolar Arctic tundra using remote sensing and process modeling. Ecol Appl. 17, 213\u201334
\nSweet et al., (2015) Greater deciduous shrub abundance extends tundra peak season and increases modeled net CO2 uptake. Glob Chang Biol. 21, 2394\u2013409, doi: 10.1111\/gcb.12852
\nYu et al., (2017) Circumpolar arctic tundra biomass and productivity dynamics in response to projected climate change and herbivory. Glob Chang Biol, doi: 10.1111\/gcb.13632<\/p>\nIs the arctic driving or alleviating climate change? <\/h3>\n
\nMethane from undersea methane-clathrates or from permafrost stores may be liberated in catastrophic events. The transition from alleviation to exacerbation may therefore occur rapidly with the precise time or triggering temperature hard to predict.
\nThis difficulty in precisely predicting the arctic impact on climate under rising temperatures nicely illustrates a general issue in climate science. Most people assume the action of a certain system (here the absorption\/liberation of carbon dioxide\/methane) to be linear to a given factor (here temperature). As discussed above, this assumption may be completely wrong. Growing arctic temperatures may abruptly lead to rapid transition from alleviation to exacerbation.<\/p>\n
\nParmentier et al., (2017) A synthesis of the arctic terrestrial and marine carbon cycles under pressure from a dwindling cryosphere. Ambio 46. (Suppl. 1), S53\u2013S69, DOI 10.1007\/s13280-016-0872-8
\nSchuur et al., (2015) Climate change and the permafrost carbon feedback Nature 520, 171\u2013179, doi:10.1038\/nature14338
\nSweet et al., (2015) Greater deciduous shrub abundance extends tundra peak season and increases modeled net CO2 uptake. Glob Chang Biol. 21, 2394\u2013409, doi: 10.1111\/gcb.12852
\nYu et al., (2017) Circumpolar arctic tundra biomass and productivity dynamics in response to projected climate change and herbivory. Glob Chang Biol, doi: 10.1111\/gcb.13632<\/p>\nIs arctic wildlife benefitting from arctic greening?<\/h3>\n
\nDescamps et al., (2017) Climate change impacts on wildlife in a High Arctic archipelago \u2013 Svalbard, Norway Global Change Biology 23, 490 \u2013 502
\nMadsen et al., (2011) Long-term effects of grazing and global warming on the composition and carrying capacity of graminoid marshes for moulting geese in east Greenland. Ambio, 40, 638\u201349<\/p>\nLegal disclosure\/Impressum<\/h3>\n
\nThomas Fester, Dr. rer. nat., Blochmannstrasse 21B, 04105 Leipzig \u2013 Germany
\nContact\/Kontakt:
\nHomepage: https:\/\/www.scivit.de, e-mail: tfester@scivit.de, Telefon\/Phone: +49 341 9839673
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\nPerson responsible for content in accordance with 55 Abs. 2 RStV \/ Inhaltlich Verantwortlicher gem. \u00a7 55 II RStV:
\nThomas Fester (Address see above\/Anschrift siehe oben)<\/p>\n